17. There was no significant preference for marriage towards paternal side, maternal side orboth, as the percentage ratio of first cousins, second cousins and distant related couples was nearly the same in all the groups (Table III). Fluctuation in flag leaf chlorophyll content was small among the different planting dates. 15, no. Yang et al. 1, pp. Gus, K., Dedeoglu, N. and Luieci, G. The frequency and medical effects of consanguincous marriages inAntalya. [Online]. The coefficient itself is calculated taking into account the total number of married couples, number of related couples, the number of various types of relationshiops and coefficients of relationships, using a complex formula 10 These relationships were used to calculate coefflcient of inbreeding in the families under study, but for the sake of statistical analysis, first cousins once removed were grouped with second cousins and second cousins once removed were considered together with distant relatives, The data was subjected to detailed statistical analysis. M. A. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Science and Technology of Bangladesh for their financial support (Grant no. of the experimental plots are summarized in Table 1. WebToday, 70 percent of all Pakistanis are inbred and in Turkey the amount is between 25-30 percent ( Jyllands-Posten, 27/2 2009 More stillbirths among immigrants ). There are at least two reasons inbreeding is so common in parts of the Muslim world (in addition to ignorance of its link to genetic defects): tradition and religion. Climate of both experimental sites is similar. Islam et al. They are prohibited in certain parts of the world (e.g., North America) because of religious sanctions. window.mc4wp.listeners.push( WebThe inbreeding factor can account for the epistemological myopia of Muslims, particularly Muslim criminals. Ratio of accumulated grain dry matter from current photosynthate (GDMCPn) to average leaf area (heading to maturity) was estimated using the following formula: 3, pp. Hamamy, H.A. 19, no. } [48] reported that higher temperature limits the assimilate supply to meet the demand of grains. Vertical bars represent standard error (, Source-sink relation and postheading crop growth rate of hybrid and inbred rice varieties at different dates of planting in dryseasons, 2008-200. Med.-Genet., 1988;25:186-190. Hybrid rice varieties exhibited higher degree of sensitivity to temperature rising in regard to shoot reserve remobilization to grain compared to the inbred. Yield and its attributes of hybrid and inbred rice varieties at different dates of planting in dryseasons, 2008-200, Comparison of flag leaf chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a:b ratio among hybrid and inbred rice varieties at different dates of planting in dryseason, 2009-201, Comparison of flag leaf photosynthetic rate among hybrid and inbred rice varieties at different dates of planting in dryseason, 2009-201, Preanthesis dry matter accumulation in shoot and its translocation to the grain of hybrid and inbred rice varieties at different dates of planting in dryseasons, 2008-200, Leaf area index (LAI) of hybrid and inbred varieties at different DAT in dry seasons, 2008-09 and 2009-10, respectively. 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrcaa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-dea) but later work has shown this to be unlikely. I. Oh-e, K. Saitoh, and T. Kuroda, Effects of rising temperature on growth, yield and dry-matter production of rice grown in the paddy field, in Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress, Poster no. [3] reported that hybrid had lower single-leaf photosynthetic rate at grain filling phase as compared to inbred. One seedling (30 days old) was transplanted per hill maintaining 25cm 15cm spacing. Next, learn about some of the most infamous cases of incest in history. Relationship between the shoot reserve translocation percentage and average daily temperature from flowering to maturity. Chakrabarti et al. The frequency of consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis, J. Even with this, the nation's urbanisation rate remains one of the lowest in the world, and in 2017, over 130 million Pakistanis (making up nearly 65% of the population) lived in rural areas. In certain Indian communities, uncle-niece relationship is the commonest13, where as, preference is given to first cousin marriages in Pakistan (82% in our series) and Saudi Arabia14. Therefore, it seems consistent that higher flag leaf chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a:b ratio of hybrids play a significant role to increase photosynthetic rate during grain filling period. In both the United Kingdom and Denmark the number of immigrants who are married to their cousins is around half. Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 70m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. 3, pp. This study was only confined to visible or easily detectable malformations. WebAnother 1.3% were married to other relations and the rest (over 37%) were married to non-relatives. 61, no. and Kurian, M Consanguinity and its effect on fetal groMh and development: A South Indian study. Photosynthetic rate of flag leaf ranged from 33.29 to 34.75molCO2m2s1 among the varieties and from 32.25 to 35.25molCO2m2s1 among different planting dates at 2 days after flowering. Z. Liang, Photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and its translocation in inter-sub-specific hybrid rice, Acta Agronomica Sinica, vol. [3] The country's population structure is relatively young, with a median age of 19. [10], Ethnologue lists 74 languages in Pakistan. In Pakistan, close to 70% of the population is inbred, In England, half of Pakistani immigrants are married to first cousins, Between 50% and 60% in Iraq, the UAE and Qatar, Danish Psychologist Nicolai Sennels estimates that half of all muslims in the world are inbred, causing potentially irreversible damage to the gene pool. B. Dalei, and B. K. Choudhury, Response of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa) to date of planting, spacing and seedling rate during wet season, Indian Journal of Agronomy, vol. 265268, 1997. forms: { The table below shows Pakistan's provinces and territories by their historical population. J. M. Yan, H. Q. Zhai, R. X. Zhang, D. M. Jiao, B. S. Chen, and H. S. Zhan, Study on characteristics of photosynthesis and assimilates transportation in heavy ear hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.), Acta Agronomica Sinica, vol. It might be due to the intrinsic genetic trait or well adaptability of inbred BRRI dhan5 to environmental conditions. Many of the surveys above also recorded fertility rate data broken down by each of Pakistan's administrative units, while many more surveys have been taken explicitly focusing on a specific province or territory. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. Flag leaf chlorophylls were extracted using 80% acetone solution and were estimated with a double beam spectrophotometer (Model: U-2001, Hitachi, Japan) according to Witham et al. Even in England, more than half of Pakistani immigrants are married to Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/383207/fertility-rate-in-pakistan/, Pakistan: Fertility rate from 2010 to 2020, Immediate access to statistics, forecasts & reports, Life expectancy at birth in Pakistan 2020, Life expectancy at birth in Pakistan 2020, by gender, Median age of the population in Pakistan 2020, Gross domestic product (GDP) in Pakistan 2022, Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Pakistan 2022, Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate in Pakistan 2027*, Pakistan: Share in global GDP adjusted for PPP 2028, Distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors Pakistan 2021, Employment by economic sector in Pakistan 2019, Youth unemployment rate in Pakistan in 2021, National debt of Pakistan in relation to gross domestic product (GDP) 2028, Ratio of military expenditure to gross domestic product (GDP) in Pakistan 2021, Ratio of government expenditure to gross domestic product (GDP) in Pakistan 2028, Pakistan's budget balance in relation to GDP 2028, New cases of COVID-19 worldwide from January 23, 2020 to February 26, 2023, by day, Cumulative cases of COVID-19 worldwide from Jan. 22, 2020 to Feb. 26, 2023, by day, Shipment volume of PET food containers Japan 2011-2020, Average length of stay of visitors from Hong Kong 5-star hotels Macao 2012-2022, CAGR of denture exports in China 2007-2019, Leading plastic product companies India 2020 based on net sales, Hong Kong : pre-purchase sources of product information 2015, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports. Chlorophyll content indicates photosynthetic efficiency of leaves [24, 40]. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Show sources information That means dry matter accumulation in the studied hybrid varieties before heading was highly thermosensitivity. These results indicated that BRRI dhan45 has the genotypic superiority over the tested hybrids with respect to postheading photosynthetic assimilation per unit leaf area. Brahui is spoken in the central part of Pakistani Balochistan, mainly in Kalat, Khuzdar and Mastung districts, but also in smaller numbers in neighbouring districts, as well as in Afghanistan which borders Pakistani Balochistan; however, many members of the ethnic group no longer speak Brahui. Sennels states that research reveals inbred children lose 10-16 points from their IQ, and the chance of having an IQ of less than 70 (the official demarcation for being classified as retarded) increases by an astonishing 400% for the child of first cousin marriage. 96, no. The following table shows how Pakistan has urbanised. 157176, IRRI, 1998. Med. 5.1. S. Q. Cao, Y. Q. Zhao, J. L. Wen, S. A. Wang, and R. X. Zhang, Studies on photosynthesis in flag leaves and its relation to grain filling course of high yield wheat, Scientia Agricultura Sinica, vol. This fact alone was a good enough indication that the parents of malformed children were more closely related. The country's urban population more than tripled between 1981 and 2017 (from 23.8million to 75.7million), as Pakistan's urbanisation rate rose from 28.2% to 36.4%. A staff writer for All Thats Interesting, Marco Margaritoff has also published work at outlets including People, VICE, and Complex, covering everything from film to finance to technology. 92, no. event : evt, But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The association of types of relationship to production of malformations in children was calculated to have a Chi square value of 5.135 with a p=0,0767, but when considered individually forvarious types of relationship, was highly significant for first cousins with a p=<0.01 1 (Figure 3). 28, no. This figure includes Pakistan's four provinces, Islamabad Capital Territory, Azad Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan.Pakistan is the world's fifth-most populated country.. However, environmental influence on total chlorophyll content of flag leaf was relatively small. Despite the religious and legal sanctions imposed by certain societies, consanguineous marriages still prevail in certain social groups which have varied attitudes toward them withall their associated prejudices and problems. Modell, B. and Kuliev, AM. and Al-Hakkak, iS. In the present investigation flag leaf of the tested hybrid varieties contained higher amounts of chlorophyll and maintained higher chlorophyll a:b ratio over elite inbred BRRI dhan45. Grain filling is a deposition of starch from two sources: current photosynthate (60100%) and remobilization (rest) from the reserve pool [23, 32, 47]. [87], Other languages spoken by linguistic minorities include the languages listed below, with speakers ranging from a few hundred to tens of thousands. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Web70% of British Pakistanis are from Mirpur, a highly inbred and backwards area of Pakistan. J. Ying, S. Peng, Q. [78], Saraiki is the language of about 26 million people in Pakistan, ranging across southern Punjab, southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and border regions of northern Sindh and eastern Balochistan.[81]. 5. About 70 percent of the genetic disorders in dogs are autosomal recessive, explains Carol Beuchat, Scientific Director of the Institute of Canine Biology. These are some maps of religious minority groups. 2. WebThe average level of inbreeding over the years varied from zero to 7.3%. 3, pp. Homozygosity occurs when a person has identical stretches of genotypes meaning those sections of genetic code came from both parents. A similar result was reported by several other investigators [1, 17, 19, 20, 43, 44]. Hereditas, 1989;111:79-83. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. It is generally accepted that the founding population size of Homo sapiens was small, with effective population estimates ranging downward from 10,000 to 1,9002,800 and 1,000 to 700 (14).With such limited total numbers and population dispersal caused by a huntergatherer existence, a substantial level of inbreeding This result confirms the findings of Yan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the. Zakzouk, S., Sayed, YE., Bafaqeeh, S.A. Consanguinity and hereditary hearing impairment among Saudi population. At the same time in its phonology it is radically different[80] (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and the development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the Sindhi language spoken to the south. [34]. 33, no. All city population figures below include adjacent cantonments. and Thompson, MW Genetics, in medicine. [4] The census also reported that Azad Kashmir's population stood at 4,045,367[5] and Gilgit-Baltistan's population was 1,492,924. Table 1 H. Witham, D. F. Blaydes, and R. M. Devlin, Exercises in Plant Physiology, PWS Publishers, Boston, Mass, USA, 2nd edition, 1986.