There were one hundred and fifteen Black soldiers serving with Hessian units, most of them as drummers or fifers. Sources: [69][Note 2] These jgers proved essential in the "Indian style" warfare in America. Ill keep my eyes open for any Riegseckersin Shipshewana when Im there next week(this is like a treasure hunt!). [1][2][3], The ancestors of the Pennsylvania Dutch spoke Palatine German and other south German dialects; the intermixing of Palatine, English, and other German dialects formed the Pennsylvania Dutch language as it is spoken today. It generally refers to racial, ethnic or cultural roots. [16][17][18][19][20] In the town halls in Dutch cities liberty bells were hung, and from the "Liberty Bell" placed in Philadelphia by Pennsylvania Dutchmen, on July 4th 1776, freedom was proclaimed "throughout all the land and to all the inhabitants thereof." VAN DEN BERG (van de Berg, van der Berg) 58,562 people in 2007; 37,727 in 1947. , . They're also prevalent in the Flemish-speaking part of Belgium called Flanders and in American locales like New York City and Pennsylvania. [110], In Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania German Jews have often maintained a special relationship due to their common German language and cultural heritage. , , . . [86], Some regiments like the 153rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry were entirely composed of Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers. Theres a local opthamologist by the name of Albrecht. Raber=Rber They also sometimes leave out the verb in phrases turning "the trash needs to go out" in to "the trash needs out" (German: der Abfall muss raus), in alignment with German grammar. Were going to start up Ancestry.com so maybe well learn the rest of the story? [105] The Black-Mennonite relationship in Canada soon evolved to the level of church membership.[105]. Everyone is from the old or new order so have the same few last names. The Amish side said that means to not eat regular meals with them. Many are on the list but at least 3 or 4 are pretty uncommon here. An All Pennsylvania German Unit", "Bartholomew von Heer and the Marechausse Corps", Herbert M. Bahner and Mark A. Schwalm, "Johann Nicholas Bahner From Reichenbach, Hessen To Pillow, Pennsylvania", History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5; prepared in compliance with acts of the legislature, A Civil War History of the 47th Regiment of Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers, "Biography SIMCOE, JOHN GRAVES Volume V (18011820) Dictionary of Canadian Biography", "Kitchener-Waterloo Ontario History To Confederation", "The Walter Bean Grand River Trail Waterloo County: The Beginning", "BUILDING COMMUNITY ON THE FRONTIER: the Mennonite contribution to shaping the Waterloo settlement to 1861", "GERMAN JEWS' TIES WITH PA. DUTCH EXPLORED IN TALK", "Saffron in the Pennsylvania Dutch Tradition", "Virtual Jewish World: Virginia, United States", German-American Heritage Museum of the USA in Washington, DC, "Why the Pennsylvania German still prevails in the eastern section of the State", by George Mays, M.D.. Reading, Pa., Printed by Daniel Miller, 1904, The Schwenkfelder Library & Heritage Center, FamilyHart Pennsylvania Dutch Genealogy Family Pages and Database, Alsatian Roots of Pennsylvania Dutch Firestones, Pennsylvania Dutch Family History, Genealogy, Culture, and Life, Several digitized books on Pennsylvania Dutch arts and crafts, design, and prints, Flight and expulsion of Germans (19441950), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch&oldid=1150320166, Articles with dead external links from February 2023, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from February 2023, All articles that are excessively detailed, Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2023, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing Pennsylvania German-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. This index was created on cards and was held in the Genealogy/Local History spaces of the State Library. Ek would be nice and short to sign lol. Their farms in Eastern Pennsylvania are the model of the world. Learn more. Wondering if theres some Amish ancestry? Our Brigade was in real danger for about 2 hours during the shelling of the cannon balls. An example is if a child's father is named "Dirk" then the baby's last name would be "Dirksen" if they are a boy or "Dirkdochter" if they are a girl. "Plain" meaning Amish and Mennonite and those who wore plain dress, and . Joseph Stoll notes: Between 1732 and 1806, 38 persons bearing the nameKnig arrived in Philadelphia. [67], Hesse-Kassel signed a treaty of alliance with Great Britain to supply fifteen regiments, four grenadier battalions, two jger companies, and three companies of artillery. Some people say that the Pennsylvania Dutch are not smart, because they aren't so knavish and tricky as some of the Yankees. -, Jgers were offered a signing bonus of one. Me Generation Two 2. Variations in names were very common-sometimes members of the same family even spelled their surname in different ways. Im looking for a solution, thanks for your patience, and thanks for letting me know about this Mark. Joseph Stoll writes: The German spelling wasMller, and because there were many Millers in Europe, the name was very common, with no common ancestor for many people of this name. "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820". Nicholas Stoltzfus (1719-1774) is believed to be the common ancestor of all those with this name among Amish and Mennonites today. Indeed, New Englanders were the rivals of the Pennsylvania Dutch.[81]. Anglo-Americans created the stereotypes of "the stubborn Dutchman" or "the dumb Dutchman", and made Pennsylvania Dutch the butt of ethnic jokes in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, though these stereotypes were never specific to the Plain Folk; most of the Pennsylvania Dutch people in those centuries were Church people. 3. To be honest, the Scripture is not specific as to whether not to eat refers to the Lords Supper, or whether it means any eating. [81], Pennsylvania Dutch regiments composed a large portion of the Federal Forces who fought in the Battle of Gettysburg at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the bloodiest battle of the Civil War. What Is Your Name?. [26][27][28], Due to strong anti-German sentiment between World War I and World War II, the use of the Pennsylvania Dutch language declined, except among the more insular and tradition-bound Plain people, such as the Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites. Watching the TV drama A Discovery of Witches, season two, has given me a new perspective on a little-researched English ancestor living in London in 1590. Is this an amish name and what is Pennsylvania dutch. [81] The 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment also had a high percentage of German immigrants and Pennsylvania-born men of German heritage on its rosters; the regiment's K Company was formed with the intent of it being an "all-German company."[87][88][89]. I used to live in Lancaster County and the Seible name rings a bell as far as being Mennonite, or like Mark mentions, maybe River Brethren. Oh and yes, Jacob Beiler/Boiler/Byler who youve listed up there is my who knows HOW many greats-grandfather lol. The Riegsecker Amish originally settled in Fulton County see David Luthy, Settlements That Failed. As far as I know, there is only one Amish family left with the name Riegsecker. Is there any other place you know of that the will might be online? Hostetlers Amish Society says there are 126 family names, but the last edition is 20 years old (at the time, there were only 144,000 Amish). 9. Aaldenberg It is given to people who came from 'Aaldenberg,' a place of uncertain location. We always joke that there are only 10the last names here in Holmes county! Some people feel that the Dutch title came from a confusion of the word . [33][34], The Fancy Dutch descend from Palatines who left the economic conditions and devastation in the Rhenish Palatinate of the Holy Roman Empire[35] after the Thirty Years' War; their number included Catholic Palatines, who had already established three Catholic parishes in 1757. They ran many newspapers, and out of six newspapers in Pennsylvania, three were in German, two were in English and one was in both languages. But, of those, only my Beilers/Boilers/Bylers and Fishers were Amish. Dutch last names are everywhere - from the city of Amsterdam to surrounding Holland and the country called The Netherlands. [42], Another wave of settlers from the Holy Roman Empire, which would eventually coalesce to form a large part of the Pennsylvania Dutch, arrived between 1727 and 1775; some sixty-five thousand Palatines landed in Philadelphia in that era and others landed at other ports. First of all, we can quickly dispose of the "Pennsylvania Dutch" misnomer. Variants of this name include Van Oosterhout [nb] and Van Osterhout. The Mennonites also excommunicate, but tend not to shun socially as strong as the Amish. I am wondering if Rasler is an Amish surname. Also occasionally seen spelled as Stoltzfoos. When Napoleon acquired the Netherlands, this changed. Almost all Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers who enlisted were Fancy Dutch. Scotch= Schoch, these familynames occur in all the Swiss Places the Amish did leave, Sible= Schuble from Beuron in Baden Wrttemberg Germany. Miller-the most common of all Amish last names. (WV, PA and Ohio). Names are important in Pennsylvania German research. [78] British soldiers were offered fifty to eight hundred acres, depending on rank. In the Battle of Trenton, the Hessian force of fourteen hundred men was quickly overwhelmed by the Continentals, with only about twenty killed and one hundred wounded, but one thousand captured. King- Along with Fisher and Beiler the most common Lancaster name following Stoltzfus. Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. [64] The Marechaussee Corps was often not well received by the Continental Army, due in part to their defined duties but also due to the fact that some members of the corps spoke little or no English. Find your Dutch last name and learn about name meanings and origins in the Netherlands. Now that you have the name of the warrantee, warrant date and county, you can look-up the warrant and survey information in the Warrant Registers. I have checked some geneology my mother had done and cant find any Amish names in that report she gave us. , , . We are converts to the Beachy church. Okay so after some investigation I changed a setting which I hope should do the trick. 200.50 . But even though their ancestors were not from the Netherlands, many Pennsylvania Dutch used Dutch ports to travel to the United States so there is a Dutch connection. Many of the Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers who fought in the Civil War were recruited and trained at Camp Curtin, Pennsylvania. [1] Dutch history [ edit] Thanks for letting me know Mark. Also occasionally seen spelled as Stoltzfoos. The issue has plagued the Anabaptist movement since its beginning. 150 Dutch Family Names With Their Meanings 1. This is where they use the personal name of an important male ancestor such as their father or even grandfather. Many of the early German settlers of America (e.g. http://www.2013gathering.com/. And by far, the greatest majority of those are in Pennsylvania. Short URL: The Pennsylvania Dutch are descendants of German speaking immigrants who came to Pennsylvania prior to 1800. The war began in 1688 as Louis XIV laid claim to the electorate of the Palatinate. They have enough learning to be happy and righteous. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. Is Neff Amish? [1] and Switzerland, they settled primarily in the southeastern section of Pennsylvania, where they practiced any of several slightly different forms of Anabaptist faith . They also maintained their Germanic architecture when they founded new towns in Pennsylvania. Documents / Surnames. . Pennsylvania was the 2nd state to ratify the Constitution on 12 Dec 1787. [22] Of note, the Amish and Mennonites came to the Rhenish Palatinate and surrounding areas from Switzerland, where, as Anabaptists, they were persecuted, and so their stay in the Palatinate was of limited duration.[37]. I lived on Harwick Road, down the block from my frien Robin Miller as a child. Palatine), and is the origin of the group's name in English, the Pennsylvania "Dutch". The Pennsylvania Dutch fought bitterly to retain German as an official language in Pennsylvania, but it was of no use; they were a minority in an Anglo-American country. These settlers originally came from German-speaking areas of Europe and spoke . Mom Generation Three (Grandparents) 4. 5. FamilyEducation does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. In regards to them, there are some who are slow- in matters of the church. These Palatine Dutchmen gave us some of our bravest men in the war of the American Revolution, notably Nicholas Herkimer. I also have Mast (from Bishop Jacob Mast), Yoder, and Kurtz ancestors who were Amish. The term is more properly "Pennsylvania German" because the so-called Pennsylvania Dutch have nothing to do with Holland, the Netherlands, or the Dutch language. [7], The word Dutch in Pennsylvania Dutch is not a mistranslation but rather a derivation of the Pennsylvania Dutch endonym Deitsch, which means "Pennsylvania Dutch" or "German". Another wave from the Palatinate arrived 17491754. Im surprised not to see my name on the list. Schwartz A Swiss Amish surname. Some of Thomass siblings names were: Mary, Phebe, Elisabeth, John and Lewis. I had someone tell me one time that she knew a Amish family with that name, Kanagy= Gngi I use expressions such as redd up the table which is an amish term. Its meaning varies and such differences are contingent upon time and place. Welcome to A Pennsylvania Dutch Genealogy. Wagler= Wagner Pennsylvania Dutch Surname DNA Projects: BRENNEMAN, BRENEMAN, DEARDORFF, DIERDORFF, GLATTFELDER, GLATFELTER, GLADFELTER, CLODFELTER, CLOTFELTER, GLOTFELTY, GLODFELTER, HOLLINGER, HOLLIGER, KAUFFMAN, COFFMAN, KAUFMAN, CAUFMAN, KAUFMANN, KOHR, CORE, KORE, KUR, MYERS, MEYERS, MEYER, MYER, MEIER, NEUENSCHWANDER, NICESWANDER, NEWCOMER, NEUKOMMET, You're just American. Pennsylvania Dutch culture is still prevalent in some parts of Pennsylvania today. The total has certainly expanded with converts, but Id guess it to be less than 200. May the Lord be with you always. Wondered if we were neighborhood friends at one time. Yay! The Middlefield, Ohio, Amish settlement (4th largest Amish settlement in the world) seems to have surnames similar to those in Holmes County, including Yoder, Miller, Weaver, and Gingerich. This allowed for several variations of one name. 1858), was responsible for the spelling change from Schware to Swarey. There were two major ways in which the change of names took place.1 The first was the translation of a German name to its English equivalent. Pennsylvania is a state located in the northern part of the United States. They were the first foreign language speaking culture in America. [91], Palatine Dutch in the 27th Infantry Division broke through the Hindenburg Line in 1917. ago. [60] Miller, having Swiss ancestry, often wrote about Swiss history and myth, such as the William Tell legend, to provide a context for patriot support in the conflict with Britain. Hendriks, Hendriksen, Hendrix - Henry's son Heuvel, van den - From the hill, mound Hoebee, Hoebeek, Van Hoebeek, - Common last name Hoek, van de - (corner, sandbar=cape) from the corner; Hoek van Holland as landscape term Hoff, van het - (servant) from the court Kleij, van der - (Kley, Cleij, Cley) Clay [12], Dutch in the English language originally referred to all Germanic dialect speakers. Marrying someone outside the faith would have been an example of something that would have caused her to be shunned. I still have many Amish relatives, especially on my mothers side. [15], There were several Palatine state citizen groups: New York Palatines, Virginia Palatines, Maryland Palatines, Indiana Palatines; the most numerous and influential were the Pennsylvania Palatines. George was married to Margaret Neff 1814-1892. The devastation of the Thirty Years' War (16181648) and subsequent wars between the Holy Roman Empire and France triggered massive Palatine emigration from the Rhine area. 2. ", Mr Hasten: "It is a very rich community and is the finest district around Philadelphia. Pennsylvania Dutch became mainly a spoken language, and as education came to only be provided in English, many Pennsylvania Dutch became bilingual. We are the sons and daughters of the Pennsylvania Dutch. Beiler More commonly spelled Byler in Midwestern communities such as Holmes County, Ohio. 3. The Yankees send their children to German schools to speak the good old language, but our own people want to be ashamed of being Dutch. A person cannot be shunned by the church if they were never a member. You will also find below several categories of Dutch names along with their meanings. Pastorius and citizens of Germantown criticized the racial lines of slavery. Only a few of the Plain Dutch, Amish & Mennonites, enlisted, but the vast majority refused to fight in the war. Yoders sounds delicious! [100][101], In Canada, an 1851 census shows many Black people and Mennonites lived near each other in a number of places and exchanged labor; the Dutch would also hire Black laborers. [45][46], Historically, a significant number of Black and Indian people have identified with Pennsylvania Dutch culture, with many of the Pennsylvania Dutch diaspora being Melungeons calling themselves Black Dutch. I hope these few lines will find you very well too. By social shunning I am referring to not having social contact with. [75] These included Nicholas Bahner(t), Jacob Trobe, George Geisler, and Conrad Grein (Konrad Krain),[76] who were a few of the Hessian soldiers who deserted the British forces after being returned in exchange for American prisoners of war. What are other common surnames in the Geauga Amish settlement? [95], After the American Revolution, John Graves Simcoe, lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, invited Americans, including Mennonites and German Baptist Brethren, to settle in British North American territory and offered tracts of land to immigrant groups. German Jews often lacked a trade and thus became peddlers, selling their wares within Pennsylvania Dutch society. Her familys surname was Szczech, but was changed to Shack by the immigration officials on this side of the pond. John B. Stoudt "The German Press in Pennsylvania and the American Revolution". [49] The Canadian historian James Paxton wrote the Palatines and Haudenosaunee "visited each other's homes, conducted small-scale trade and socialized in taverns and trading posts". He is not Amish but I am sure he has Amish roots. Some people say, the Pennsylvania Dutch are behind the times. [106][107] Other settlers of that era were of the Moravian Church while a few were Seventh Day Baptists. 27. [44], The majority originated in what is today southwestern Germany, i.e., Rhineland-Palatinate[43] and Baden-Wrttemberg; other prominent groups were Alsatians, Dutch, French Huguenots (French Protestants), Moravians from Bohemia and Moravia and Swiss Germans. Among the Southern Maryland plain communities, Swarey was also a common name. Maybe in the upper part of the state, but def not the Susquehanna Valley/Lancaster, etc. German Jews and German Christians held "quite ecumenical philosophies" about interfaith marriage and there are recorded instances of marriages between Jews and Christians within the German community. Judy, hmmm, I dont recall ever seeing that name historically connected to the Amish, though GAMEO (Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online) does mention Mennonites with that surname: http://www.gameo.org/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&profile=default&search=hummel&fulltext=Search, There is also an entry for Mennonite family Ummel but looks like that became Umble in America: http://www.gameo.org/index.php?title=Ummel_family, What about Storks or Stokes? The battlefield was 25 miles long. By 1697 the war came to a close with the Treaty of Ryswick, now Rijswijk in the Netherlands, and the Palatinate remained free of French control. the genealogy & family research site of Kris Hocker, The genealogy and family research site of Kris Hocker. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, p. 606. 10. They are also culturally related to the New York Dutch. Your partner in parenting from baby name inspiration to college planning. For some reason I feel a connection to the Amish. It is a relatively common name, but it would be interesting indeed if this were that same person and moreso if the family DID have Amish roots. [14], Waves of colonial Palatines from the Rhenish Palatinate initially settled in the Carolinas, Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York. Phone: 319-656-3232. Aarden It is the Dutch word for 'clay,' 'stone,' or 'earth.' This name was likely given to people who worked with these materials. Short & sweet. Sarah, however, was over 14 years-old, so she was born between 19 October 1808 and 19 October 1815. Fischer (Alsatian, German origin) meaning "fisher". Yoder A Swiss-origin name apparently derived from the name Theodore. Esh= schi They share cultural similarities with the Mennonites in the same area. Just curious. Smoker= Schmocker, also Schmucki I think there are some store owned by Riegsecker in Shipshewanna. Interesting list. So how did patronymics work? Fisher most Lancaster Amish can trace their descent back to Christian Fisher who very likely arrived in 1749 aboard the Phoenix, along with numerous other Amish passengers. American Palatines were known collectively as Palatine Dutch,[21] and settled many states: Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Wisconsin, Iowa and Southern states. We are the only people with our last name in the whole county so we mind our Ps and Qs because everyone knows who we are lol! Muhlenberg's view of church unity was in direct opposition to Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf's Moravian Church approach, with its goal of uniting various Pennsylvania German religious groups under a less rigid "Congregation of God in the Spirit". Here is the letter of a Pennsylvania Dutch soldier from the 149th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry: . Birmelin - this surname is associated with Dutch playwright and poet John Birmelin. The River Brethren are a branch off the Mennonites, and had many Mennonites and Amish join them in their early days. [114] The Moravians settled Bethlehem and nearby areas and established schools for Native Americans. Okay, I think its a problem with the caching plugin Im using. Learn More. I didnt see it on the list here. Henry served as one of the administrator's of Jacob's estate. By early 1778, negotiations for the exchange of prisoners between Washington and the British had begun in earnest. Lagrange, Indiana 46761. "[30], Since then the Pennsylvania Dutch community has mostly assimilated into Anglo-American culture, except for the insular Amish & Mennonite plain people, who added to the modern misconception that "Pennsylvania Dutch" is synonymous with "Amish"; the Amish have become the national symbol of the culture. Stefanie is an experienced parenting writer and has published works in other publications such as Motherly. Bowman=Baumann Is that not dumb? They printed me out a 100-page document of my wifes pedigree (she was a Martin), going back to about 15 generations. You are essentially being directed to a saved copy of the page, where the comment does not exist yet. Yoder - A Swiss-origin name apparently derived from the name "Theodore". There may be others, also. Thanks, Carol Sue. The Nazi propaganda effort failed spectacularly among the Pennsylvania Dutch, as the Pennsylvania Dutch maintained a distinct culture and history completely separate from the German-American identity. . Pennsylvania German, also called (misleadingly) Pennsylvania Dutch, 17th- and 18th-century German-speaking settlers in Pennsylvania and their descendants. Its amazing how many people I grew up knowing and/or know now who have traditional Amish surnames, but who arent Amish, and if their families ever were, itd be a long time ago now. 40 . It must be working now, as I could get right to the comment. ago. Did Mennonites also shun their members? Roeber, A. G. "In German Ways? Well found out Jacob Beiler who came to the U.S. on the Charming Polly in 1737 was my great-great-great-great-grandfather, and Id love to read his will, but the link wont work. [67] The Marechausee also provided security for Washington's headquarters during the Battle of Yorktown, acted as his security detail, and was one of the last units deactivated after the Revolutionary War. French forces devastated all major cities of the region, including Cologne. His father, Daniel spoke dutch. Source Family Life, Yesterdays and Years: New Names Among the Amish Part 3. They came to America from Switzerland, Germany, and the eastern parts of France or wherever the German language was spoken before 1800. However, by 1702, the War of the Spanish Succession began, lasting until 1713. Its been like this for a few days now. I think there were two main groups the "plain" and the "gay". [38] They settled on land sold to them by William Penn. There was heavy firing that lasted practically the whole time. Germantown included not only Mennonites but also Quakers. 2. New Englanders referred to the Hollandic Dutch language spoken by the Holland Dutch as "Low Dutch" (Dutch: laagduits), and the Palatine German language spoken by the Palatine Dutch as "High Dutch" (German: hochdeutsch). Scott, Shetler would definitely make a list of Amish names. 6. When we travel in the world, we can above all see the farmers, how that class of people lives. Stoltzfus The most common Pennsylvania Amish surname. Immigrants to British America first founded the borough of Germantown in northwest Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, in 1683. I often wondered if he could have Amish connections? On another note Im getting some homemade Amish jam next week. Instead, they relied on patronymics. They became farmers and used intensive German farming techniques that proved highly productive. My name is Wengerd its not very common in Middlefield but theres probably 12-15 families now. Aden B. Raber, Rabers Almanac (2013). Can you confirm where this one came from? Farley Grubb, "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820". John A. Hostetler, Amish Society. I have a Neff family book. Nearly half of the Amish in the Adams County settlement bear this name (as of 2007, 529 of 1163 Adams County Amish families were Schwartz households). Palatine runaways were often recaptured, as they only spoke German and were surrounded by English speakers. Most frequently seen in northern Indiana. I was wondering if any of these surnames can be found in the community. The question is the spousal surnames: Moser, Geissbuhler, Danner, Gyssler, Wagler, Knopf, Kline, I would think that they married in the faith, but did not see these names. [116], A number of Pennsylvanian German Jews migrated to the Shenandoah Valley, traveling along the same route of migration as other Pennsylvania Dutch people.[118]. Patti in VA. Patti I have never seen that name belonging to any current Amish or in any historical context. Van den Berg is the most commonly used spelling of this Dutch surname, a toponymic surname meaning "from the mountain." 05. They don't allow their children to speak Pennsylvania Dutch or to read it, and are embarrassed that they have Dutch blood. handmade festival clothing, benchmade bugout custom backspacer, rooftop snipers 2 player games,
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